DeepMind

Founded in London in 2010 by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman. Early breakthroughs came in reinforcement learning — DQN learning Atari games from raw pixels (2013–2015) — followed by AlphaGo, AlphaZero and AlphaFold, the last of which earned the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Merged with Google Brain in 2023 to form Google DeepMind, and has owned the Gemini models since.