Artificial intelligence
The umbrella term for making machines do things that otherwise require human judgement — a field that has changed meaning roughly every twenty years.
John McCarthy coined the term for the Dartmouth workshop in the summer of 1956, where the field was effectively founded. The first decades were dominated by symbolic AI: rules, logic and expert systems. When the promises went unmet, two stretches of withdrawn funding followed, known as AI winters, roughly 1974–1980 and 1987–1993.
Today's AI is almost entirely statistical — machine learning over large datasets rather than hand-written rules. A recurring phenomenon is that whatever works stops counting as AI and becomes just "software"; spell checking and chess engines were once AI research.