Microsoft v. Motorola
The first US case in which a court worked out what a FRAND licence should actually cost — roughly one two-thousandth of what the patent holder had asked.
In 2010 Motorola wrote to Microsoft asking for 2.25 per cent of the end price of products such as the Xbox and Windows PCs for its H.264 and 802.11 patents. Those patents were standard-essential, and Motorola had promised the standards bodies to license them on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. Microsoft sued in Seattle for breach of contract.
In 2013 Judge James Robart set per-unit rates measured in fractions of a cent, about 1.8 million dollars a year against the roughly four billion Motorola's demand implied. A jury found the same year that Motorola had broken its promise, partly by seeking sales injunctions in Germany, and awarded Microsoft 14.5 million. The ruling was upheld in 2015 and became the template for valuing FRAND.