Java
Statically typed OOP language on the JVM — James Gosling et al. (Sun Microsystems, 1995). "Write once, run anywhere" was the slogan.
Verbose, garbage-collected, runtime-polymorphic. The JVM also runs Scala, Kotlin, Clojure, Groovy. Modern versions (8+, since 2014) have lambdas, streams, records, pattern matching, virtual threads (Project Loom, Java 21). Java 8 is still the most deployed.
Dominates enterprise backend, big data (Spark, Flink, Kafka), Android (now alongside Kotlin). Spring Framework + Spring Boot is the default stack. Open source under GPL+CE via OpenJDK; Oracle JDK is commercial since 2019.