GAFAM
The European variant of FAANG: Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft. Includes Microsoft, excludes Netflix.
The term is used primarily in French + EU political discourse where "big tech regulation" is debated. The European Digital Markets Act (DMA, 2024) uses the broader term "gatekeepers" — designating Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, Microsoft as "core platform service providers" required to provide interoperability and not self-prefer. The GAMAM variant replaces "Facebook" with "Meta". In France it's politically charged — Macron has talked about a "GAFAM tax" on digital services.