EBU R 128
The European Broadcasting Union's 2010 recommendation that normalises broadcast audio to −23 LUFS instead of to peak level.
Before R 128, TV audio was policed by peaks, which let heavily compressed adverts sit several dB louder than the programme around them. The recommendation changed the yardstick: loudness is measured per ITU-R BS.1770 as integrated LUFS over the whole programme, with gating that ignores silence, and peaks may reach no higher than −1 dBTP measured as true peak.
R 128 also introduced Loudness Range (LRA), a measure of how much the loudness varies. The American ATSC A/85 rests on the same measurement method. Streaming services normalise on the same principle, only louder, around −14 LUFS — and suddenly there was much less to gain from the loudness war.