DVD

Standardised in 1995 after the film studios forced two competing camps together. Physically the same format as a CD, but with a shorter wavelength (650 nm red laser) and tighter tracks. Video was encoded in MPEG-2.

The CSS copy protection was broken in 1999 by DeCSS — the key was only 40 bits, a consequence of US cryptography export rules. Region codes were market segmentation, not technology. Succeeded by Blu-ray, which was in turn run over by streaming.