Deep learning
Machine learning with deep neural networks (many layers). Breakthrough: AlexNet 2012 won ImageNet by a wide margin → triggered today's AI era.
The "three godfathers": Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, Yann LeCun (Turing Award 2018). Hinton also won the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 for backprop work. Big moments: AlexNet (2012), ResNet (2015, Microsoft), AlphaGo (2016), Transformer (2017), GPT-3 (2020), ChatGPT (2022). Three ingredients behind the revolution: large datasets (ImageNet), GPU compute, backpropagation. "Bitter Lesson" (Sutton 2019): general methods + scale always beat specialized ones.