Data warehouse
A central database tuned for analysis rather than transactions — historical data from many source systems, collected and structured.
It differs from an OLTP database on every axis: columnar rather than row storage, reads rather than writes, aggregations over billions of rows rather than single-key lookups. Data arrives via ETL and is usually shaped into a star schema.
Bill Inmon and Ralph Kimball formalised the discipline in the 1990s and argued top-down versus bottom-up for decades. Modern incarnations are cloud services: BigQuery, Redshift, Snowflake. The competing idea is the lakehouse.