Card not present (CNP)
Any card payment where the merchant never sees the card itself, only the numbers printed on it.
The term covers e-commerce, in-app purchases and the older category MOTO, mail and telephone orders. With no chip or PIN there is no cryptogram proving the card was physically there, so identification rests on the card number, expiry date and CVV2, all of which can be read off a photo. The networks charge higher fees accordingly, and in a fraud case the merchant normally eats the loss.
Once EMV chips made cloned cards useless in shops, fraudsters simply moved online. The pattern showed up in the UK after the 2006 chip-and-PIN switchover and in the US after 2015, and today most card fraud in Europe involves no card at all. The countermeasure is 3-D Secure and strong customer authentication, which shift liability to the issuer once the customer has verified themselves.