BLAKE3
Cryptographic hash function from 2020 by Jack O'Connor, Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Samuel Neves and Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn. The fastest in its class by a comfortable margin.
It builds on BLAKE2 but splits the input into 1 KiB chunks hashed in a Merkle tree. That makes the function parallelizable — multiple cores and SIMD can work on the same message, and you can verify parts of a large file without reading all of it. A single algorithm covers four modes: hash, keyed hash (MAC), key derivation and XOF (arbitrary-length output). 256-bit security by default. Used by Bao, IPFS tooling, Chia and a growing number of build systems for content addressing.