AOT Ahead-Of-Time compilation
Compile to machine code before runtime. C/C++/Rust/Go are inherently AOT. The recent wave: traditionally JIT'd languages getting AOT modes for fast startup.
GraalVM Native Image (Java/Kotlin → native binary), Dart AOT (Flutter release builds), Angular Ivy AOT compilation of templates, .NET Native AOT (8+). Pro: fast cold start (critical for serverless, CLI tools). Con: larger binary, less runtime flexibility, no JIT-tier optimization.