Accessibility A11y
Designing for users with disabilities — visual, motor, cognitive, hearing. Abbreviated A11y (11 letters between A and y).
WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) is the W3C standard. WCAG 2.2 (2023). Levels A, AA, AAA. Concrete: semantic HTML, correct heading hierarchy, alt text on images, contrast, keyboard navigation, ARIA attributes where semantics aren't enough. The EU European Accessibility Act takes effect June 2025 — requires A11y for many commercial services. Tools: axe, Lighthouse, NVDA, VoiceOver.